Background
Oxidative stress is defined as an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to an
imbalance between antioxidant and oxidants. Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP) are uremic
toxins created during oxidative stress through the reaction of chlorinated oxidants, such as chloramines
and hypochlorous acid, with plasma proteins. AOPPs are structurally similar to Advanced Glycation
End-Product (AGE) proteins and exert similar biological activities. AOPPs are elevated in patients with
renal complications, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, systemic sclerosis, as well as HIV-positive
patients. Human Serum Albumin (HSA) treated with HOCl and AOPP generated in vivo can ignite
oxidative reactions in both neutrophils and monocytes, which indicates both can be used as true mediators
of inflammation. Although the mechanisms of AOPP degradation and elimination from the blood remain
to be fully elucidated, it appears that the liver and spleen are mostly responsible for their isolation and
removal.